Artificial intelligence (AI) and automation are rapidly transitioning from operational goals to practical tools for enhancing public services in the UK. During a recent discussion, Oliver Fox, Director of Central Government, and David Barber, Director of the UCL Centre for AI & Distinguished Scientist at UiPath, emphasized the UK government’s commitment to harnessing these technologies effectively. Earlier this year, the Prime Minister referred to AI as a “golden opportunity” for the civil service, reinforcing the government’s pledge to invest £3.25 billion by 2025 to integrate AI across various departments, backed by the AI Playbook aimed at guiding safe adoption.
Despite such ambition and funding, many government departments face significant hurdles in execution. A report indicated that while a majority of public sector executives are optimistic about AI’s potential to deliver cost savings and service improvements, only 26% have successfully integrated AI across their operations. Challenges such as legacy systems, siloed data, and fragmented procurement processes are hindering progress. Addressing these issues requires breaking down the invisible infrastructure that currently limits connectivity between government systems and enabling efficient workflows.
Government departments often possess vast amounts of data, but its potential remains untapped due to barriers that prevent secure sharing across agencies. These silos not only stifle collaboration but also impede the ability to address complex societal challenges. Organizations like the Cabinet Office, the National Audit Office (NAO), and the Government Digital Service have pointed to continuous issues with data quality, interoperability, and sharing. The existing infrastructure often restricts data flow due to outdated processes and incompatible platforms, making a comprehensive rethink of information movement within departments essential.
AI’s value is maximized when it can understand tasks, ask pertinent questions, and share answers—while ensuring sensitive data remains secure. The concept of agentic AI embodies this approach by autonomously identifying relevant information across systems and streamlining processes. By implementing interoperable frameworks—such as common data standards, APIs, and trusted exchange protocols—agentic AI can reduce repetitive data requests and enhance service delivery, thus allowing civil servants to focus on higher-value tasks. Estimates suggest that smarter use of linked data could improve public sector efficiency by up to 20%, highlighting the transformative potential of strategic AI deployment.
However, for AI to effect meaningful change, the role of personnel remains crucial. Current civil servants often lack the necessary tools, confidence, and AI literacy to leverage automation effectively. The Smarter Delivery of Public Services report underscores persistent gaps in digital skills, which contribute to service backlogs and unsatisfactory citizen outcomes. Rather than replacing human expertise, AI should augment the skills that underpin UK public services. Unfortunately, many departments remain tethered to outdated procurement models characterized by rigid contracts and reliance on external consultants, which inflate costs and stifle innovation.
Effective public spending on digital initiatives exceeds £14 billion annually, as highlighted by the NAO. This expenditure is driven, in part, by misaligned responsibilities and a shortage of skilled professionals. Ensuring a robust human-in-the-loop model is vital for maintaining trust, security, and quality in high-stakes public services. Civil servants need not be AI experts, but they must receive training and have access to user-friendly tools that empower them to oversee AI-enabled processes.
AI fluency programs and innovative talent models can assist the workforce in adapting to emerging technologies. A trial that involved 20,000 civil servants demonstrated that the use of AI tools for routine tasks saved two working weeks per person annually, freeing up time for more strategic work. Investing in training alongside technological advancements is essential to ensure automation empowers rather than displaces workers.
Once the workforce is adequately prepared, the next challenge is scaling proven AI solutions. Many departments fall into the trap of reinventing existing tools, leading to wasted resources and slowed progress. Prioritizing the reuse of AI components can enable the government to build upon successful initiatives, fostering innovation throughout the public sector. Despite an annual digital and data spending of over £26 billion, approximately 25% of UK government services remain outdated, with 47% not yet digitized.
Departments have historically invested in bespoke solutions instead of updating or scaling existing systems, as seen in NHS England’s previous usage of around 50 different CRM platforms. Establishing a central repository for reusable AI components—such as models, workflows, and APIs—would allow departments to leverage existing capabilities rather than starting from scratch. The AI Opportunities Action Plan recognizes that government purchasing power can facilitate this scaling, provided procurement processes emphasize reuse, modularity, and interoperability.
For the UK government to fulfill its ambitious AI goals, effective execution is crucial. This entails modernizing foundational systems, empowering the workforce, and adopting scalable approaches. If the government aligns its aspirations with sustained, actionable initiatives, AI can not only enhance service efficiency but also position the public sector to confront future challenges with renewed confidence.
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